The previous tutorial introduced wrappers in distr6. This final tutorial puts everything we’ve learnt together to create your own custom distribution object (this is not the same as creating a new class!). All distributions implemented in distr6 inherit from class SDistribution this tells you that they are the ‘special distributions’ that we have implemented. SDistribution is an ‘abstract’ class, this means it can’t be constructed to make a SDistribution object, however the Distribution class can be.

## Constructing a Custom Distribution

The most basic distribution that can be constructed consists of a name and one of pdf or cdf. But most of the time we will also require a ParameterSet. We will demonstrate all of this by using the running example of a custom uniform distribution.

### self

The self keyword is used to tell an object that it should call a method on itself. For example we have used the method getParameterValue() on objects before but often we need the object to use this method on itself, so we use self$getParameterValue() this is especially important when defining d/p/q/r functions. The pdf of the Uniform distribution is defined by $f(x) = 1/(b - a)$ where $$b$$ and $$a$$ are upper and lower limits respectively. Hence our pdf function needs to get the values of these limits, and define the distribution support # non-vectorised pdf <- function(x){ pdf <- numeric(length(x)) lower <- self$getParameterValue("lower")
upper <- self$getParameterValue("upper") pdf[x >= lower & x <= upper] = 1/(upper - lower) return(pdf) } In distr6, all pdf and cdf functions use the first argument of x, for univariates this is assumed to be a vector and for multivariates a matrix. ### ParameterSet We have a pdf that accesses parameters, but currently we have no parameters to access. To add these we use param6. library(param6) ps <- pset( # id = lower; support = reals; value = 1 prm("lower", "reals", 1), # id = upper; support = reals; value = 10 prm("upper", "reals", 10) ) ps #> Id Support Value Tags #> 1: lower ℝ 1 #> 2: upper ℝ 10 ### Constructing the Distribution We now have the basics required to construct our custom uniform distribution, the last thing we require is the distribution support. Often the support can be omitted, in which case, the default set of Reals will be used, but in the case of the uniform distribution the support is very important. support <- set6::Interval$new(1, 10)
type <- set6::Reals$new() U <- Distribution$new(name = "Uniform", pdf = pdf, parameters = ps, support = support,
type = type)

Other traits are automatically filled

U$traits #>$type
#> ℝ
#>
#> $valueSupport #> [1] "continuous" #> #>$variateForm
#> [1] "univariate"

And now we can use your distribution:

U$pdf(5) #> [1] 0.1111111 # The log argument can be imputed with decorators decorate(U, "CoreStatistics") #> Uniform is now decorated with CoreStatistics #> Uniform(lower = 1, upper = 10) U$pdf(4, log = T)
#> [1] -2.197225

# Automatically returns 0 when outside the support
U$pdf(-2) #> [1] 0 U$pdf(11)
#> [1] 0

But the cdf returns NULL as we never supplied a function, so we could supply one or we could impute it using the FunctionImputation decorator:

U$cdf(5) #> NULL decorate(U, "FunctionImputation") #> Uniform is now decorated with FunctionImputation #> Uniform(lower = 1, upper = 10) U$cdf(5)
#> Results from numeric calculations are approximate only. Better results may be available.
#> Results from numeric calculations are approximate only. Better results may be available.
#> Results from numeric calculations are approximate only. Better results may be available.
#> [1] 0.4444444

# The same as expected
punif(5, min = 1, max = 10)
#> [1] 0.4444444

### Extra Arguments

Finally a whole host of other arguments could be supplied to the Distribution to make the results more precise, the full list can be seen in ?Distribution. A couple of things to take care about are:

1. pdfs and cdfs should have the same number of arguments. For example if the distribution is univariate both should have one argument only (and with the same name).
2. By default the type and support are taken to be the Reals, if this is not the case then the true ones should be supplied as set6 objects.
3. valueSupport and variateForm are automatically inferred from the distribution’s type. If the type is in the Integers or Naturals then the valueSupport is taken to be discrete, otherwise continuous. If the dimension of the type is $$1$$ then the variateForm is taken to be univariate, multivariate otherwise. These can be overwritten for mixture and matrixvariate distributions.

## Putting Everything Together

cdf <- function(x){
cdf <- numeric(length(x))
lower <- self$getParameterValue("lower") upper <- self$getParameterValue("upper")
cdf[x >= upper] = 1
cdf[x >= lower & x < upper] = (x - lower) / (upper - lower)
return(cdf)
}

U <- Distribution$new(name = "Uniform", short_name = "unif", type = set6::Reals$new(),
support = set6::Interval$new(1, 10), symmetric = TRUE, pdf = pdf, cdf = cdf, parameters = ps, description = "Custom uniform distribution") decorate(U, c("CoreStatistics", "ExoticStatistics", "FunctionImputation")) #> Uniform is now decorated with CoreStatistics, ExoticStatistics, FunctionImputation #> unif(lower = 1, upper = 10) U$mean()
#> Results from numeric calculations are approximate only. Better results may be available.
#> [1] 5.5
U$variance() #> Results from numeric calculations are approximate only. Better results may be available. #> [1] 6.75 U$hazard(5)
#> [1] 0.25
U$rand(5) #> Results from numeric calculations are approximate only. Better results may be available. #> [1] 6.040 3.880 1.657 2.305 1.432 U$kurtosis()
#> Results from numeric calculations are approximate only. Better results may be available.
#> [1] -1.2
U\$survivalPNorm(3, 2, 6)
#> Results from numeric calculations are approximate only. Better results may be available.
#> [1] 0.5981347

## Summary

These tutorials have covered everything from the basics of constructing an implemented SDistribution right the way through, accessing and setting parameters, analysis distributions, manipulating them with decorators and wrappers, and finally adding your own custom distribution and using decorators to analyse it. Everything we have covered also applies to the Kernels in distr6, although these have less functionality, to see which are implemented run listKernels().

The Extension Guidelines explain how to implement your own SDistribution, Kernel, Decorator or Wrapper and the Appendices include discussions about OOP, R6, C vs. R implementation, the current API lifecycle and other design decisions. The project wiki includes design documentation and contributor guidelines, please read these before making a pull request.

We hope you find distr6 intuitive to use but if you have any questions or want to report a bug, please don’t hesitate to raise an issue.

Good luck and happy coding!