4.1 Solo work with git

Estimated time to complete this notebook: 15 minutes

4.1.1 Getting started

So, we’re in our git working directory:

import os

top_dir = os.getcwd()
git_dir = os.path.join(top_dir, "learning_git")
working_dir = os.path.join(git_dir, "git_example")
os.chdir(working_dir)
working_dir

'/home/runner/work/rse-course/rse-course/module04_version_control_with_git/learning_git/git_example'

A first example file

So let’s create an example file, and see how to start to manage a history of changes to it.

<my editor> test.md # Type some content into the file.

%%writefile test.md
Mountains in the UK
===================
England is not very mountainous.
But has some tall hills, and maybe a mountain or two depending on your definition.

Writing test.md

cat test.md

Mountains in the UK
===================
England is not very mountainous.
But has some tall hills, and maybe a mountain or two depending on your definition.

Telling Git about the File

So, let’s tell Git that test.md is a file which is important, and we would like to keep track of its history:

%%bash
git add test.md

Don’t forget: Any files in repositories which you want to “track” need to be added with git add after you create them.

Our first commit

Now, we need to tell Git to record the first version of this file in the history of changes:

%%bash
git commit -m "First commit of discourse on UK topography"

[main (root-commit) 973ce32] First commit of discourse on UK topography

 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

 create mode 100644 test.md

And note the confirmation from Git.

There’s a lot of output there you can ignore for now.

Configuring Git with your editor

If you don’t type in the log message directly with -m “Some message”, then an editor will pop up, to allow you to edit your message on the fly.

For this to work, you have to tell git where to find your editor.

git config --global core.editor vim

You can find out what you currently have with:

git config --get core.editor

To configure Notepad++ on Windows you’ll need something like the below, ask a demonstrator if you need help:

git config --global core.editor "'C:/Program Files (x86)/Notepad++/notepad++.exe' -multiInst -nosession -noPlugin"

I’m going to be using vim as my editor, but you can use whatever editor you prefer. (Windows users could use Notepad++, Mac users could use textmate or Sublime Text, Linux users could use vim, nano or emacs.)

4.1.2 Commit logs

Git log

Git now has one change in its history:

%%bash
git log

commit 973ce32a99335e12f1a403f6178012cda07ddf5e

Author: Turing Developer <developer@example.com>

Date:   Mon Jun 3 08:20:21 2024 +0000

    First commit of discourse on UK topography

You can see the commit message, author, and date…

Hash Codes

The commit “hash code”, e.g.

238eaff15e2769e0ef1d989f1a2e8be1873fa0ab

is a unique identifier of that particular revision.

This is a really long code, but whenever you need to use it, you can just use the first few characters. You just need however many characters is long enough to make it unique, for example 238eaff1.

Nothing to see here

Note that git will now tell us that our “working directory” is up-to-date with the repository: there are no changes to the files that aren’t recorded in the repository history:

%%bash
git status

On branch main

nothing to commit, working tree clean

4.1.3 Staging changes

Let’s edit the file again:

vim test.md

%%writefile test.md
Mountains in the UK
===================
England is not very mountainous.
But has some tall hills, and maybe a mountain or two depending on your definition.

Mount Fictional, in Barsetshire, U.K. is the tallest mountain in the world.

Overwriting test.md

cat test.md

Mountains in the UK
===================
England is not very mountainous.
But has some tall hills, and maybe a mountain or two depending on your definition.

Mount Fictional, in Barsetshire, U.K. is the tallest mountain in the world.

Unstaged changes

%%bash
git status

On branch main

Changes not staged for commit:

  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)

  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

	modified:   test.md

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

We can now see that there is a change to “test.md” which is currently “not staged for commit”. What does this mean?

If we do a git commit now nothing will happen.

Git will only commit changes to files that you choose to include in each commit.

This is a difference from other version control systems, where committing will affect all changed files.

We can see the differences in the file with:

%%bash
git diff

diff --git a/test.md b/test.md

index 1852ebc..b63f764 100644

--- a/test.md

+++ b/test.md

@@ -2,3 +2,5 @@ Mountains in the UK

 ===================

 England is not very mountainous.

 But has some tall hills, and maybe a mountain or two depending on your definition.

+

+Mount Fictional, in Barsetshire, U.K. is the tallest mountain in the world.

Deleted lines are prefixed with a minus, added lines prefixed with a plus.

Staging a file to be included in the next commit

To include the file in the next commit, we have a few choices. This is one of the things to be careful of with git: there are lots of ways to do similar things, and it can be hard to keep track of them all.

%%bash
git add --update

This says “include in the next commit, all files which have ever been included before”.

Note that git add is the command we use to introduce git to a new file, but also the command we use to “stage” a file to be included in the next commit.

The staging area

The “staging area” or “index” is the git jargon for the place which contains the list of changes which will be included in the next commit.

You can include specific changes to specific files with git add, commit them, add some more files, and commit them. (You can even add specific changes within a file to be included in the index.)

4.1.4 Visualising changes

Message Sequence Charts

In order to illustrate the behaviour of Git, it will be useful to be able to generate figures in Python of a “message sequence chart” flavour.

There’s a nice online tool to do this, called “Message Sequence Charts”.

Have a look at https://www.websequencediagrams.com

Instead of just showing you these diagrams, I’m showing you in this notebook how I make them. This is part of our “reproducible computing” approach; always generating all our figures from code.

Here’s some quick code in the Notebook to download and display an MSC illustration, using the Web Sequence Diagrams API:

%%writefile wsd.py
import requests
import re
import IPython


def wsd(code):
    response = requests.post(
        "http://www.websequencediagrams.com/index.php",
        data={
            "message": code,
            "apiVersion": 1,
        },
    )
    expr = re.compile("(\?(img|pdf|png|svg)=[a-zA-Z0-9]+)")
    m = expr.search(response.text)
    if m == None:
        print("Invalid response from server.")
        return False

    image = requests.get("http://www.websequencediagrams.com/" + m.group(0))
    return IPython.core.display.Image(image.content)

Writing wsd.py

%matplotlib inline
from wsd import wsd

wsd("Sender->Recipient: Hello\n Recipient->Sender: Message received OK")

The Levels of Git

Let’s make ourselves a sequence chart to show the different aspects of Git we’ve seen so far:

message = """
Working Directory -> Staging Area : git add
Staging Area -> Local Repository : git commit
Working Directory -> Local Repository : git commit -a
"""
wsd(message)

4.1.6 Correcting mistakes

Review of status

%%bash
git status

On branch main

Changes to be committed:

  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)

	modified:   test.md

Untracked files:

  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)

	__pycache__/

	wsd.py

%%bash
git commit -m "Add a lie about a mountain"

[main da208a3] Add a lie about a mountain

 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

%%bash
git log

commit da208a343c056409b16a5ac7f59915017234f358

Author: Turing Developer <developer@example.com>

Date:   Mon Jun 3 08:20:22 2024 +0000

    Add a lie about a mountain

commit 973ce32a99335e12f1a403f6178012cda07ddf5e

Author: Turing Developer <developer@example.com>

Date:   Mon Jun 3 08:20:21 2024 +0000

    First commit of discourse on UK topography

Great, we now have a file which contains a mistake.

Carry on regardless

In a while, we’ll use Git to roll back to the last correct version: this is one of the main reasons we wanted to use version control, after all! But for now, let’s do just as we would if we were writing code, not notice our mistake and keep working…

vim test.md

%%writefile test.md
Mountains and Hills in the UK
===================
England is not very mountainous.
But has some tall hills, and maybe a mountain or two depending on your definition.

Mount Fictional, in Barsetshire, U.K. is the tallest mountain in the world.

Overwriting test.md

cat test.md

Mountains and Hills in the UK
===================
England is not very mountainous.
But has some tall hills, and maybe a mountain or two depending on your definition.

Mount Fictional, in Barsetshire, U.K. is the tallest mountain in the world.

Commit with a built-in-add

%%bash
git commit -am "Change title"

[main ee151c1] Change title

 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

This last command, git commit -a automatically adds changes to all tracked files to the staging area, as part of the commit command. So, if you never want to just add changes to some tracked files but not others, you can just use this and forget about the staging area!

Review of changes

%%bash
git log | head

commit ee151c1f4b3cb2cc770ef78a3c3cee9d1039ac93

Author: Turing Developer <developer@example.com>

Date:   Mon Jun 3 08:20:23 2024 +0000

    Change title

commit da208a343c056409b16a5ac7f59915017234f358

Author: Turing Developer <developer@example.com>

Date:   Mon Jun 3 08:20:22 2024 +0000

We now have three changes in the history:

%%bash
git log --oneline

ee151c1 Change title

da208a3 Add a lie about a mountain

973ce32 First commit of discourse on UK topography

Git Solo Workflow

We can make a diagram that summarises the above story:

message = """
participant "Jim's repo" as R
participant "Jim's index" as I
participant Jim as J

note right of J: vim test.md

note right of J: git init
J->R: create

note right of J: git add test.md

J->I: Add content of test.md

note right of J: git commit
I->R: Commit content of test.md

note right of J:  vim test.md

note right of J: git add --update
J->I: Add content of test.md
note right of J: git commit -m "Add a lie"
I->R: Commit change to test.md

note right of J:  vim test.md
note right of J: git commit -am "Change title"
J->R: Add and commit change to test.md (and all tracked files)
"""
wsd(message)